# Essential of Programming Language

1. Inductive Sets of Data 1
    - 1.1 Recursively Specified Data 1 
    - 1.2 Deriving Recursive Programs 12 
    - 1.3 Auxiliary Procedures and Context Arguments 22 
    - 1.4 Exercises 25
2. Data Abstraction 31 
    - 2.1 Specifying Data via Interfaces 31 
    - 2.2 Representation Strategies for Data Types 35 
    - 2.3 Interfaces for Recursive Data Types 42 
    - 2.4 A Tool for Defining Recursive Data Types 45 
    - 2.5 Abstract Syntax and Its Representation 51
3. Expressions 57 
    - 3.1 Specification and Implementation Strategy 57 
    - 3.2 LET: A Simple Language 60 
    - 3.3 PROC: A Language with Procedures 74 
    - 3.4 LETREC: A Language with Recursive Procedures 82 
    - 3.5 Scoping and Binding of Variables 87 
    - 3.6 Eliminating Variable Names 91 
    - 3.7 Implementing Lexical Addressing 93
4. State 103 
    - 4.1 Computational Effects 103 
    - 4.2 EXPLICIT-REFS: A Language with Explicit References 104 
    - 4.3 IMPLICIT-REFS: A Language with Implicit References 113 
    - 4.4 MUTABLE-PAIRS: A Language with Mutable Pairs 124 
    - 4.5 Parameter-Passing Variations 130
5. Continuation-Passing Interpreters 139 
    - 5.1 A Continuation-Passing Interpreter 141 
    - 5.2 A Trampolined Interpreter 155 
    - 5.3 An Imperative Interpreter 160 
    - 5.4 Exceptions 171 
    - 5.5 Threads 179
6. Continuation-Passing Style 193 
    - 6.1 Writing Programs in Continuation-Passing Style 193 
    - 6.2 Tail Form 203 
    - 6.3 Converting to Continuation-Passing Style 212 
    - 6.4 Modeling Computational Effects 226
7. Types 233 
    - 7.1 Values and Their Types 235 
    - 7.2 Assigning a Type to an Expression 238 
    - 7.3 CHECKED: A Type-Checked Language 240 
    - 7.4 INFERRED: A Language with Type Inference 248
8. Modules 275 
    - 8.1 The Simple Module System 276 
    - 8.2 Modules That Declare Types 292 
    - 8.3 Module Procedures 311
9. Objects and Classes 325 
    - 9.1 Object-Oriented Programming 326 
    - 9.2 Inheritance 329 
    - 9.3 The Language 334
    - 9.4 The Interpreter 336
    - 9.5 A Typed Language 352 
    - 9.6 The Type Checker 358